Deep dive · NasdaqCM: APC
ARKO Petroleum Corp. stock analysis
Everything behind the call on ARKO Petroleum Corp. 6 sections, ordered the way risk stacks up: survival first, quality and price in the middle, context last. The Beacon gives you the read. This is where you check the work.
The five reads
Global tape
No overseas listings — APC trades on its home exchange only.
The bottom linestart hereAs of 2026-09-18
Earnings
In 47 days
5 Nov 2026
cohort P(beat) 61% · n=139,757
Valuation
18.0× forward
Against consensus earnings
FCF yield 6.04%
Dividend
4.04%
Forward annual yield at today's price
Risk flags
1 critical
5 checks run, 1 clear
beta 0.23 · vol 23% ann.
worst drawdown -16%
worst drawdown -16%
New to this? Every metric carries a plain-English read beside it, and an ⓘ next to a label opens the definition. Anything unfamiliar is also defined at the foot of the page under Glossary.
NasdaqCM · USDOil & Gas Refining & Marketing
$18.82+0.23 · +1.24%CLOSED · vol 292.7K
52-week range↑ 11% off low · ↓ 13.4% off high
$17.00now $18.82$21.72
Quote Sep 18, 2026 · time not on file
Tape 2026-09-18
Factors 2026-09-18
Tape 2026-09-18
Factors 2026-09-18
01Ratios · Jul 7, 2026
Survival & solvency
and 1 of 5 forensic checks clear.
↳ Plain EnglishBefore anything else: can this company pay its bills? These blocks check the balance sheet, whether your slice of ownership is being diluted, and whether the accounting looks honest.
Distance to default (Merton)
4.3σCOMFORTABLE
How many standard deviations of asset value sit between the company and its debt. Above 4σ is comfortable.
Balance sheetJul 7, 2026
1-year default probabilityEDF-CALIBRATED
0.49%
Calibrated against how often companies at this distance actually defaulted, rather than assuming a normal distribution.
Piotroski F-scoreWATCH
F 6/9
Piotroski F-score 6 of 9. Nine pass/fail tests covering profitability, leverage and operating efficiency; seven or more is strong.
Solvency and liquidity ratios
Current ratioshort-term assets against short-term bills0.98×healthy >2
Debt / equityborrowings against shareholder capital26.25
Net debtborrowings in excess of cash on hand$932.39M
Your ownership stake
Share-count growth vs peersLOW DILUTION
25th pctile
Where this name's share-count growth ranks among peers. Lower is less dilutive.
Accounting forensicsSEC filings
Red-flag x-rayGRADE D
50 / 100
1 critical · 2 watch · 1 clear of 4 scored tests
Red-flag x-ray · every check, passes included
CheckStatusValueWhat it looks for
Bankruptcy distressNAn/aAltman-Z not available · fundamentals
Earnings manipulationCLEARM -2.79M-score in range · fundamentals
LeverageCRITICALLTD/E 10.67long-term debt 10.67× equity · fundamentals
Profitability qualityWATCHF 6/9Piotroski F-score 6 of 9 · fundamentals
Filing forensicsWATCH2 flags2 filing red flags on the latest 10-K · forensic
5 checks, 1 clear and 2 watch and 1 critical. The passes are shown because a score built from five checks means something different from one built from three.
02Refreshed · Sep 19, 2026POOR · 26/100
Business quality
1% net margin, 91% return on equity, -12% revenue growth, and capital earning 7% against a 6% cost.
↳ Plain EnglishMargins tell you how much of each sales dollar the company keeps. Return on capital tells you whether reinvesting that money creates value. Both are read against what the filings support, not against a target.
Quality score
26 / 100POOR
Profitability, growth and balance strength scored separately, then blended.
ProfitabilityRefreshed · Sep 19, 2026
Net marginOF EVERY SALES DOLLAR
0.6%
The share of revenue that survives every cost and becomes profit.
Gross marginPRICING POWER
2.3%
What is left of a sales dollar before overhead — the clearest read on pricing power.
Operating marginAFTER RUNNING COSTS
1.5%
What survives the cost of running the whole business.
Return on equityPER $1 OF EQUITY
90.6%
Annual return on each dollar of shareholder equity.
ROIC − WACC spreadCREATES VALUE
1.7pp
Earns 7% on invested capital that costs about 6%. A positive spread means every retained dollar compounds rather than leaks.
Growth & relative strength
Trailing return by period
1 month+0.3%
3 months+1.8%
6 months+2.6%
Year to date+7.2%
Revenue growth (YoY)SHRINKING
-12.4%
Revenue against the same period a year ago.
EPS growth (YoY)IN LINE
-18.6%
Earnings per share against a year ago. Running ahead of revenue means margins are widening.
Relative-strength rankTOP 32%
68 / 100
Where this name's 3-month return against the S&P 500 ranks across the market — a quarter's standing, not the year's.
Around earningsAug 6, 2026
P(beat next quarter)COHORT BASE RATE
61%
survivor-tilted universe (currently-listed names; large-cap-skewed coverage)
Beat rate · this nameTRAILING
2 of 3
Its own record against consensus. 3 prints is a small sample, which is why the cohort rate above carries the probability.
Typical earnings moveData unavailableRealized move magnitudes are not published for this name yet — needs ≥8 measured prints · 3 on file.
Reaction: beat vs missData unavailableThe beat-versus-miss reaction gap is not computed for this name — undetermined — needs ≥12 measured beats.
Consensus biasVALIDATED
Persistent
insufficient surprise history
Next reportIN 47 DAYS
5 Nov 2026
Reports amc · consensus EPS $0.31 · revenue 1.5 B
Dividends & income
Dividend yieldforward annual
4.04%
The cash return the payment alone provides at today's price.
Inventory ledger
Data unavailableNo inventory detail is tagged in this company's filings. The ledger needs the XBRL inventory components, which a business without physical goods does not report.
Segments & geography
Data unavailableRevenue by segment and region is not on file for this name, so product and geographic concentration are not shown.
Pattern reliability · platform-wide cohortSnapshot · Sep 19, 2026
Downtrend · leans bearish
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d47%0.0%1,260,321
21d48%0.0%593,656
63d47%-0.5%186,156
slope -0.11 over 40 bars
Tweezer bottom · leans bullish
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d45%0.0%343,068
21d46%0.0%161,560
63d47%0.0%50,875
matching lows
Double bottom · leans bullish
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d49%0.0%1,242,409
21d50%0.0%584,002
63d51%+0.2%184,289
two troughs ≈ equal — reversal if neckline breaks
Triple bottom · leans bullish
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d49%0.0%961,327
21d50%+0.1%451,185
63d52%+0.3%141,927
three troughs ≈ equal
Descending triangle · leans bearish
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d47%0.0%504,664
21d48%0.0%237,571
63d49%0.0%74,935
flat support, falling resistance
Bollinger squeeze
HorizonHigherMedianObservations
10d43%0.0%757,951
21d45%0.0%355,725
63d47%0.0%112,112
bands at a multi-month tight — breakout pending
0318.0× FORWARD
Price & timing
Price $18.82, 18.0× forward earnings, RSI 51.
↳ Plain EnglishA multiple is what the market charges for a dollar of this company's earnings, cash or revenue; the trend and the options tape say what the price is doing around it. Together they are the timing picture, not the quality one.
Momentum (RSI-14)
51COOL
030 oversold70 hot100
Where momentum sits on a 0–100 scale. Above 70 is overbought, below 30 oversold; the middle says the move has room either way.
The setup right now
Price · 150 sessions2026-02-12 → 2026-09-18
price50-day200-day
How to read this
Up 1.24% on the session.
Follow the solid line: each point is a session close. Compare it to the 50-day average — while price stays above it the short-term trend is up, and a drop below is the first structural warning.
Typical day (ATR-14)±2.8%
$0.52
The average true range — how far this stock moves on an ordinary day. It sets the scale a stop has to clear.
MACDABOVE SIGNAL
+0.07
The short-term trend against its own signal line. The sign is the read; the size is not a target.
Bollinger position66% OF RANGE
Mid band
Where price sits inside its own volatility band. The edges are where a move is stretched, not where it reverses.
20-day VWAPPRICE ABOVE
$18.62
The volume-weighted average of the last month. Price above it means recent buyers are, on average, in profit.
Chandelier exitLONG INTACT
$17.77
A volatility-based trailing stop, set a few average ranges below the recent high.
Pivots (classic)R1 $19 · S1 $19
$18.72
The last settled session's range projected forward. Reference levels, not predictions — after a big gap they can sit on the wrong side of the price until the next close.
5 Nov 2026 · in 47 daysNext earningsThe next scheduled catalyst. The forward guide usually moves the tape more than the printed number. Date as the vendor last stated it on 12 Aug; companies confirm about three weeks ahead, so it can still move.
2026-09-25 · in 6 daysConsumer SentimentA scheduled macro release. It moves this stock independently of anything the company does.
Setup & oddsNightly
Pullback riskoverstretch read
Low0.73× segment rate · n=16,498
Historically, mid names in this tape state saw a ≥10% pullback within 63 trading days in 58% of cases (n=16,498).
Overstretchvs the 20-day mean
0.6σ
How many standard deviations price sits from its 20-day mean. Beyond 2σ is genuinely stretched; inside it is ordinary.
Bottom zoneif it breaks down
$18 – $193 supports
Where prior demand appeared: S1 at $18.51, Pivot low at $18.32, Pivot low at $17.90.
Slide scorefalling-knife check
0 / 100Neutral
A composite of consecutive down days, gap risk and volume expansion. Low means any decline is orderly.
Valuation
Earnings yield vs cashBELOW CASH
-0.68pp
Cash pays more than the earnings yield today, so what you are buying is future growth rather than a current return.
Net cash per shareNET DEBT
$-20.22
Cash less every borrowing, per share. It is the part of the price that is not a claim on future profits.
Multiples
Forward P/Eearnings expected over the next 12 months18.0×
Trailing P/Eearnings already reported23.5×
Price / salesprice against revenue, before any of it becomes profit0.2×
Price / bookprice against the accounting value of the assets25.1×
EV / EBITDAthe multiple an acquirer would pay13.2×
EV / free cash flowenterprise value against the cash the business throws off33.6×
FCF yieldfree cash flow per dollar of market value6.04%
2 of the 7 priced multiples above sit in the richer half of its band. Each priced multiple is read against this stock's own history where a five-year range is on file, so the question is whether today is dear for this name rather than for the market. The multiples are computed separately from the quote above and are not re-priced as it moves, so they can lag it.
Price horizon & timingSep 18, 2026
Entryzone of pivot low + S1
$18.73In zone
Where the composer's entry sits, on its own stated basis.
TargetBb upper + daily pivot + round + sma 50
$19.08$19–$19
A zone, not a price. It is where the composer expects supply, not a forecast.
StopTucked under the entry zone
$17.51risk $1.22/sh
The level that says the setup is wrong, on the basis named beside it.
Risk / rewardtarget vs stop
0.29:1flagged low
Less reward than risk at these levels. The composer publishes it rather than hiding it, because a sub-1 ratio is the argument against the trade.
Measure from a price$
To the 50-day
+1.5%
short-term trend line · $19.10
To the composer's target
+1.4%
Bb upper + daily pivot + round + sma 50 · set Sep 18, 2026 · $19.08
To the composer's stop
-7.0%
Tucked under the entry zone · set Sep 18, 2026 · $17.51
To the 52-week high
+15.4%
highest print of the past year · $21.72
To the 52-week low
-9.7%
lowest print of the past year · $17.00
A typical day (ATR)
$18.30 – $19.34
±$0.52 average true range
Type any price to re-measure every distance from it. Each row is a level this page already states somewhere else, so nothing here is a new number — and none of it is a recommendation to trade at that price.
Signal
Less reward than risk at this level.
Entry $18.73 · stop $17.51 · target $19.08, a 0.29:1 ratio. The composer flagged: fair-value reference, low reward to risk.
Gamma map
Data unavailableThis name has no listed options chain, so there is no dealer gamma to map. Regime, flip level, walls and the implied move all need a chain to exist.
Options tape
Data unavailableNo options chain is connected for this ticker. Max pain, the put/call ratio, the implied move and the open-interest ladder all need the chain feed.
0413F quarterly · Form 4 dailyNET SIGNAL -2
Ownership & flow
Institutions hold 99%, short interest is 7.86% of float.
↳ Plain EnglishWho is buying and selling, and what they had to disclose. Institutions file 13F 45 days after quarter end, executives file Form 4 within two days, and Congress discloses under the STOCK Act with a 30–45 day legal lag. Every one of those is a look backwards.
Net signal
-2BALANCED · 30d
0 bull / 1 bear factors. The points sum to the net beside the label; nothing here is weighted after the fact.
The QTick signalNightly
Earnings4 QUARTERS · TIMING
-2
latest EPS missed by 26%
Signal
0 bull / 1 bear factors
Independent factors scored and netted to -2 over 30d, a balanced reading. 1 of 9 factors carried a direction; the others scored zero and do not vote. The signal describes where the data leans, not what to do about it.
Cross-category read
Data unavailableFewer independent evidence families are ready than the engine's minimum, so there is nothing to check for agreement. A cross-category read over two categories is not a read.
Wall Street
Data unavailableNo sell-side firm publishes research on this name. There is no consensus rating, no price target and no estimate revisions to weigh — for a company this size that is the norm rather than a gap in our data.
Who owns it13F quarterly · Form 4 daily
Institutional ownershipINSTITUTIONALLY HELD
98.7%
The share held by 13F filers. It describes last quarter's positioning, not today's — filings land up to 45 days after quarter end.
Insider ownershipOFFICERS & DIRECTORS
0.4%
The share held by the people running the company.
Short interest (float)LIGHT
7.86%
Rising — shares short changed +11.5% over 30 days. A crowded short is fuel in both directions.
Free float100% OF SHARES
12.55M
Shares actually available to trade, excluding insider and restricted holdings.
Dollar volume (ADV)53rd PCTILE
$3.20M/day
Average dollars traded per day, and where that ranks cross-sectionally. Thin liquidity is a cost you pay on the way out, not just on the way in.
Borrow feeData unavailableWe do not license securities-lending data, so the annualized cost of borrowing shares to short is not something we can show. Short interest and days-to-cover above are the closest read we can source.
The story · news & sentimentRolling window
Why it moved todayNONE
+1.24%
APC rose +1.24% in after-hours trading — no identified catalyst in our coverage.
CongressSTOCK Act · 30–45d lag
Signal
Net selling.
0 of 6 disclosures are buys and 6 are sales. Lawmakers disclose on a 30–45 day legal lag, so this describes what was done weeks ago, not what is being done now.
050 graded callsORDINARY VOLATILITY
Risk & track record
Beta 0.23, 23% annual volatility, a -16% worst drawdown, and 4 of 8 risk surfaces clear.
↳ Plain EnglishWhat owning it does to a portfolio, what the model votes against, and how often our own calls have been right. Every call is graded when it resolves, and the ones still open stay visible.
Max drawdown
-16.3%WORST FALL
The deepest peak-to-trough fall in the measured window. Only hold a position you can watch do this.
What it does to a portfolio5-year window
Beta (vs the market)LOW FIT
0.23
The market explains about 0.9% of its daily moves, so this beta says little about how it tracks the index — most of its movement is its own.
Annualized volatilityORDINARY
23%
How far it swings over a year, from its own realized returns.
Tactical phaseNIGHTLY READ
Neutral
Selling pressure18
Buying pressure19
Overheat2
State: neutral — No dominant short-horizon pressure in the tape.
What votes againstNightly
MedEarningslatest EPS missed by 26%4 quarters · -2
Signal
1 of 9 factors vote against.
Ranked by the size of each factor's own point contribution to the net signal — these are the model's stated reasons, not a written bear case. Each one is scored from the source named beside it.
Failure modes · by company type
Data unavailableFailure modes are routed per company type, and only the bank-run and crypto-treasury rulebooks are validated so far. This name routes as growth, so there is no cohort-specific checklist to run. A generic list would read as analysis without being any.
The risk case · why not to buy8 surfaces · nightly
Suggested position capmax defensible size
3.2%tail cap binds
max defensible size 3.2% - tail binds
Avoid score6-month distress
1.5%0.2× its cohort · mid-volume names
Observational 6-month large-drawdown risk ranking — not a forecast, not alpha. Historical distress rate for this mid-volume names segment: 8.7%. This name reads 0.2× that base rate.
LowDistress screenThe distress model did not score this name in the latest run, so this surface is unmeasured rather than clear.Not scored
MedPosition size, not conviction, is the binding constrainthalf-Kelly 55.0% · tail cap 3.2% · category cap 54.6%. The tail cap binds, so 3.2% is the number (n=140,733). We show which one binds rather than the friendliest.Sizing
LowLottery-ticket behaviourIts best 21-day return sits at 2.6% against a 10.1% cohort 90th-percentile threshold — below the line where forward returns have historically turned negative.Behaviour
LowCash runwayNon-burner: catastrophe rate 6.1% (n=297414).Solvency
LowPost-earnings driftDrift odds at full strength (+2.44% / 63-day spread reference from measured post-earnings drift).Timing
LowDividend riskNot scored for this name.Not scored
LowRestatement historyFiling history is not deep enough to check for restatements.Not scored
LowCrowded shortNot in a warn state: the crowded-short model only publishes when short interest and thin liquidity coincide, and neither condition is met here.Not scored
Signal
4 of 8 surfaces clear.
8 surfaces checked, 4 clear. The binding constraint is position size — the tail cap is the one that binds. Each row states which surface it is and what it measured; a surface that could not be scored says so rather than counting as clear.
Who should skip it
Data unavailableNone of the skip conditions can be evaluated for this name yet — they each need a measured drawdown, beta, yield or scheduled report to key off.
Our track record0 resolved
Track recordBUILDING IN THE OPEN
5 logged
5 calls logged on this name, 0 resolved so far. Calls are logged the moment they are made, so the open ones are public before anyone knows how they turn out, and a hit-rate is not published until enough of them resolve.
Calls on APCTHIS NAME
5
This name's own call count. Too few have resolved to publish a rate over them, so none is shown rather than a rate over 0.
0610-K disclosed linksOIL & GAS REFINING & MARKETING
The wider context
5 mapped peers, 2 connections.
↳ Plain EnglishCompanies do not trade alone. This is the peer set, the supply chain that has to deliver, and the macro variables that move the stock regardless of company news.
Next macro catalyst
Consumer SentimentIN 6 DAYS
2026-09-25. A scheduled release that moves this stock independently of anything the company does.
Versus peersLatest session
Peer set · 5 names
SymbolRelationshipPriceSession
VLOPeer$413.28+0.18%
MPCPeer$424.89+0.69%
PSXPeer$273.13-0.39%
DINOPeer$115.90-0.62%
SUNPeer$77.87-1.19%
The mapped peer set and how each traded in the latest session. A peer moving with this name says the move is the sector's; one moving against it says the move is this company's.
Time machineHistory from 2026-02-12
Signal
Every backward window is positive.
That is the definition of a stock that has already worked, and it says nothing about the next window. What it does tell you is what a drawdown would be measured against.
Macro driversRolling window
Events · what moves this stockSep 16, 2026
Initial jobless claimsUsually hurts when more people file for benefits than expected
Less commuting, shipping and factory activity means less fuel demand.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day +0.3% · A week later +0.8% · Two weeks later +0.8% · Rose on 13 of 26 report days
Across the last 26 Initial jobless claims reports since Feb 26, 2026, APC moved +0.3% on average on the day and was 0.8% higher two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved 0.0% on those days.
Core PCE (the Fed's gauge) is due in 10 days.
Core PCE (the Fed's gauge)Usually helps when inflation runs hotter than expectedOil and gas prices tend to rise with inflation, so energy companies earn more.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day +0.5% · A week later +2.8% · Two weeks later +3.9% · Rose on 3 of 7 report days
Only 7 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 7 Core PCE (the Fed's gauge) reports since Feb 28, 2026, APC moved +0.5% on average on the day and was 3.9% higher two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved +0.4% on those days.
PCE inflation is due in 10 days.
PCE inflationUsually helps when inflation runs hotter than expectedOil and gas prices tend to rise with inflation, so energy companies earn more.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day +0.5% · A week later +2.8% · Two weeks later +3.9% · Rose on 3 of 7 report days
Only 7 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 7 PCE inflation reports since Feb 28, 2026, APC moved +0.5% on average on the day and was 3.9% higher two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved +0.4% on those days.
Core inflation (core CPI)Usually helps when inflation runs hotter than expected
Oil and gas prices tend to rise with inflation, so energy companies earn more.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day +1.7% · A week later 0.0% · Two weeks later -2.0% · Rose on 4 of 6 report days
Only 6 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 6 Core inflation (core CPI) reports since Mar 15, 2026, APC moved +1.7% on average on the day and was 2.0% lower two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved +0.4% on those days.
Industrial productionUsually helps when factory output comes in stronger than expected
A busier economy burns more fuel.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day 0.0% · A week later -2.7% · Two weeks later -4.0% · Rose on 3 of 6 report days
Only 6 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 6 Industrial production reports since Mar 18, 2026, APC moved 0.0% on average on the day and was 4.0% lower two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved 0.0% on those days.
Inflation (CPI)Usually helps when inflation runs hotter than expected
Oil and gas prices tend to rise with inflation, so energy companies earn more.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day +1.7% · A week later 0.0% · Two weeks later -2.0% · Rose on 4 of 6 report days
Only 6 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 6 Inflation (CPI) reports since Mar 15, 2026, APC moved +1.7% on average on the day and was 2.0% lower two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved +0.4% on those days.
Job openings (JOLTS) is due in 9 days.
Job openings (JOLTS)Usually helps when job openings come in higher than expectedMore people working means more commuting, shipping and power use.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day -0.3% · A week later +2.0% · Two weeks later +0.3% · Rose on 3 of 6 report days
Only 6 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 6 Job openings (JOLTS) reports since Mar 7, 2026, APC moved -0.3% on average on the day and was 0.3% higher two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved 0.0% on those days.
Jobs report (nonfarm payrolls) is due in 12 days.
Jobs report (nonfarm payrolls)Usually helps when hiring comes in stronger than expectedMore people working means more commuting, shipping and power use.
Typical for the Energy sector
On the day -0.1% · A week later +1.5% · Two weeks later +1.2% · Rose on 3 of 6 report days
Only 6 reports on file, so treat this as a sketch, not a pattern. Across the last 6 Jobs report (nonfarm payrolls) reports since Mar 8, 2026, APC moved -0.1% on average on the day and was 1.2% higher two weeks later. The S&P 500 moved +0.1% on those days.
Customer momentum
Data unavailableCustomer momentum needs listed customers that disclose a revenue dependence on this company, and none is on file. The connections below are a different map: competitors and partners, most of them curated rather than filed.
Connections2 links · none confirmed
Direct connections · 2 edges
CompanyRelationSessionProvenance
ARCC · Competitorcompetitor-1.27%Rumored · manual
BK · Suppliersupplier+7.61%Rumored · manual
0 of 2 edges are named in a filing; the rest come from reporting we have not matched to one yet, and are labelled as such.
Glossary · every term on this page
Survival
Altman Z
Bankruptcy-risk score. Above 3.0 is the safe band.
Piotroski F
Nine pass/fail health tests; 7 or more is strong.
Beneish M
Accrual and growth pattern screen. Clear below −2.22, watch to −1.78, elevated above; a year of very fast revenue growth lifts it by construction.
Merton DTD
Standard deviations of asset value between the company and its debt.
EDF
Default frequency calibrated on what actually happened to similar names.
Price & tape
RSI-14
Momentum gauge 0–100. Above 70 is overbought, below 30 oversold.
ATR
Average true range — the size of a typical day.
VWAP
20-day volume-weighted average price — the average paid over the last month; the page shows no intraday VWAP.
Supertrend
A trend-following stop line. A close through it flips the read.
Chandelier
A trailing stop set a few average ranges below the recent high.
Options & flow
Gamma / GEX
Dealer hedging pressure. Negative gamma amplifies moves both ways.
Call / put wall
The strikes with the heaviest open interest; they act as ceiling and floor.
Max pain
The strike where most options expire worthless.
13F · Form 4
Institutional filings, 45 days after quarter end. Insider trades, within two days.
Scoring
Composite signal
Independent factors scored and netted into one number.
Hit-rate
Share of past calls that resolved in the direction stated.
Brier score
Calibration measure. Lower means stated probabilities track reality.
HHI
Concentration 0–10,000. Above 2,500 means one segment carries the company.
EVT
Fits the tail rather than assuming a bell curve, so bad days are not understated.